Anti-tuberculosis Drug-induced Liver Injury (ATLI) Effects

Against tuberculosis Drug-prompted Liver Injury (ATLI) Effects Conceptual Tuberculosis (TB) is world’s deadliest transmittable ailment, with 9 million occurrence cases and 1.5 million passings all inclusive in 2013. The vast majority of the instances of TB were accounted for from Asian (56%), and African (29%) landmasses. In Saudi Arabia the yearly occurrence pace of TB extended somewhere in the range of 14 and 17/100,000. Two areas, Makkah and Jazan demonstrated the most noteworthy occurrence around 20/100,000 in the course of the most recent multi decade. Jazan locale demonstrated more than twofold the frequency pace of TB contrasted with rest of the Southern territory. Jazan share fringe with Yemen, and gets numerous illicit outsiders. Studies indicated that non-Saudi Arabians had 2-3 times higher occurrence of TB than Saudi national. The huge number of Non-Saudis originated from nations with high rate of TB, for example, Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Yemen, Ethiopia, Somalia, Chad, Nigeria and other African nations. The dy namic TB patients can be dealt with securely and successfully through the straightforwardly watched treatment technique (DOTS). Dabs is a short course of standard enemy of TB treatment which comprise of taking medication mixes of Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol and Streptomycin for 6â€9 months. The medication isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide can possibly actuate liver damage.This against tuberculosis sedate initiated liver injury (ATLI) ranges from gentle to serious structures, and can even be lethal. The frequency of ATLI during standard enemy of TB treatment run from 2.0% to 28.0% as indicated by various populaces. In addition, ATLI lessen the viability of against TB treatment, as they may cause treatment disappointment, backslide and tranquilize obstruction which could fundamentally decrease the impacts of TB control. Supposedly, there is no known distributed information on the frequency of hostile to tuberculosis sedate actuated liver injury (ATLI) and h azard factors from Saudi populace. Recognizable proof of patients at expanded hazard for ATLI is significant in light of the fact that hepatotoxicity causes noteworthy dreariness and mortality and may require change of the helpful routine. The point of this investigation will to evaluate the occurrence of ATLI and the hazard factors related with hostile to TB treatment. The discoveries of this investigation will permit us to improve TB treatment, checking and control of the TB in KSA. Presentation Tuberculosis (TB) is world’s deadliest transmittable illness, with 9 million occurrence cases and 1.5 million passings all inclusive in 2013 [1]. The greater part of the instances of TB were accounted for from Asian (56%), and African (29%) landmasses [1]. In Saudi Arabia the yearly occurrence pace of TB extended somewhere in the range of 14 and 17/100,000 [2]. Two regions, Makkah and Jazan indicated the most elevated rate around 20/100,000 in the course of the most recent multi decade [2]. Jazan district demonstrated more than twofold the occurrence pace of TB contrasted with rest of the Southern region. Jazan share outskirt with Yemen, and gets numerous unlawful foreigners. Studies demonstrated that non-Saudi Arabians had 2-3 times higher frequency of TB than Saudi national. [3]. The enormous number of Non-Saudis originated from nations with high occurrence of TB, for example, Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Yemen, Ethiopia, Somalia, Chad, Nigeria and other African nations. Patients with dynamic TB illness can be dealt with securely and successfully through the straightforwardly watched treatment system (DOTS) which began in 2000. Dabs is a short course of standard enemy of TB treatment which comprise of taking medication blends of Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol and Streptomycin for 6â€9 months [4]. These medications adequately executes the microscopic organisms yet it incited hepatotoxicity known as against tuberculosis sedate prompted liver injury (ATLI) [5.tostmann 2008]. The ATLI ranges from gentle to serious structures, and can even be lethal. The rate of ATLI during standard enemy of TB treatment extend from 2.0% to 28.0% as indicated by various populaces. [5,6]. The rate is higher in the creating nations (8% to 39%), contrasted with created nations (3%â€4%) (7-11). Also, ATLI lessen the viability of against TB treatment, as they may cause treatment disappointment, backslide and sedate opposition which could essentially diminish the impacts of TB control. [5,6]. Many hazard factors have been involved for ATLI. These incorporate more seasoned age, female sex, poor dietary status, prior liver malady, high liquor admission, hepatitis B, lack of healthy sustenance, hypoalbuminaemia and propelled TB (12-16). Improper utilization of medications, acetylator status, and as of late, immunogenetic factor, have additionally been ensnared (17,18). Diseases with hepatitis C infection and human immunodeficiency infection (HIV) have additionally been said to expand the hazard (19). It is essential to comprehend the hazard variables of ATLI, so as to recognize the unfavorable occasions prior and convey opportune mediation. The recognizable proof of high-hazard patients would be helpful to permit early discovery of hepatotoxicity and decrease the grimness and mortality of this condition. Henceforth we plan this examination to distinguish the hazard factors related with hostile to tuberculosis tranquilize incited liver injury in patients who get against TB treatment. Supposedly, there is no known distributed information on the frequency of hostile to tuberculosis sedate prompted liver injury (ATLI) and hazard factors from Saudi populace. The point of this investigation will to gauge the frequency of ATLI and the hazard factors related with against TB treatment. The discoveries of this investigation will permit us to upgrade TB treatment, observing and control of the TB in KSA. 2. Task OBJECTIVES This investigation expected to gauge the frequency and hazard elements of hostile to tuberculosis Drug Induced Liver Injury (ATLI) in tolerant getting against TB treatment in Jazan populace. 1. To assess the rate of anomalous liver capacity tests (LFTs) in persistent accepting enemy of TB treatment. 2. To distinguish the hazard factors related with hostile to tuberculosis Drug Induced Liver Injury (ATLI) in quiet getting enemy of TB treatment. Survey of Literature Frequency The primary line drugs used to treat TB were isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF), pyrazinamide (PZY) and ethambutol (EMB). The greater part of the TB patients endure the medications however some create hepatotoxicity known as hostile to tuberculosis tranquilize prompted liver injury (ATLI). [Forget 2006].The ATLI ranges from mellow to extreme structures, and can even be lethal. Information from the writing shows that the occurrence of ATLI is 3.0% in Canada (Asia populace represented 42%)[Yee 2003], China 2.5% [Shang 2011], 5.0% in Hong Kong[ Chang 2008], 5.3% in Singapore[teleman 2002], 16.1% in Taiwan [Huang 2003], 9.7% in Malaysia [Marzuki 2008],36% in Japan [Ellard 1978], 8-36 percent in India [Parthasarthy 1986, Mehta 1990], 13% Iran [Baghaei]. The danger of creating ATLI was fivefold for hepatitis C patients, fourfold for HIV positive patients, and 14 overlap for patients co-contaminated with hepatitis C and HIV [Ungo 1998]. The occurrence is higher in the creating nations (8% to 39%), contrasted with created nations (3%â€4%) (7-11). In addition, ATLI decrease the viability of against TB treatment, as they may cause treatment disappointment, backslide and sedate obstruction which could altogether diminish the impacts of TB control. [5,6]. Meaning of ATLI The measures for the conclusion of ATLI without manifestations is height of transaminases up to multiple times the furthest reaches of ordinary (ULN) and within the sight of indications up to multiple times the ULN or double the ULN of bilirubin in the blood [Saukkonen 2006]. System of harmfulness Among Isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol, the initial three medications have the potential for hepatotoxicity with pyrazinamide (PZA) being the most hepatotoxic followed by isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin.[Yee]Rifampicin joined with PZA is more hepatotoxic than with INH.[ Jasmer 2002]Pyrazinamide contributes altogether to intense liver disappointment [ Durand 1995].The most significant unfavorable impacts of isoniazid are hepatic poisonousness and possibly lethal medication prompted hepatitis[Nolan 1999], particularly when related with rifampicin. The recurrence of event of isoniazid-related hepatitis relies upon age. Different components connected to an inclination to isoniazid-related hepatotoxicity incorporate liquor misuse, utilization of unlawful medications and a past history of liver infection. Clinical highlights ATLI typically occur in the initial 2 months of treatment however it might occur whenever during the treatment time frame. Clinical and biochemical highlights of ATLI are hard to separate structure viral hepatitis [Mitchell 1976]. The signs and side effects of ATLI are jaundice, stomach torment, queasiness, retching and Weakness. Hazard factors for ATLI Many hazard factors have been ensnared for ATLI. These incorporate more established age, female sexual orientation, poor wholesome status, prior liver malady, high liquor admission, hepatitis B, lack of healthy sustenance, hypoalbuminaemia and propelled TB (12-16). Wrong utilization of medications, acetylator status, and as of late, immunogenetic factor, have additionally been embroiled (17,18). Contaminations with hepatitis C infection and human immunodeficiency infection (HIV) have additionally been said to build the hazard (19).

Internet Regulation Policing Cyberspace Essay Example For Students

Web Regulation: Policing Cyberspace Essay The Internet is a technique for correspondence and a sourceof data that is getting progressively mainstream among those whoare intrigued by, and have the opportunity to surf the informationsuperhighway. The issue with this much data beingaccessible to this numerous individuals is that some of it is deemedinappropriate for minors. The administration needs censorship,but a fragment of the populace doesn't. Legislativeregulation of the Internet would be a proper functionof the legislature. The Communications Decency Act is a change whichprevents the data superhighway from turning out to be acomputer seedy area of town. On June 14, 1995, by a voteof 84-16, the United States Senate passed the change. Itis now being brought through the House of Representatives.1The Internet is possessed and worked by the government,which gives them the commitment to confine the materialsavailable through it. In spite of the fact that it seems to have sprung upovernight, the motivation of free-vivacious programmers, it infact was conceived in Defense Department Cold War activities of the1950s.2 The United States Government possesses the Internet andhas the obligation to figure out who utilizes it and how itis utilized. The administration must control what data isaccessible from its offices. This material isn't legally accessible throughthe mail or via phone, there is no validreason these sick people ought to be permitted unimpededon the Internet. Since our drive, theindustry has admirably propelled some blockingdevices, however they are not a substitute forwell-contemplated law.4Because the Internet has gotten one of the greatest sourcesof data in this world, authoritative shields areimperative. The administration gives residents the benefit of usingthe Internet, however it has never given them the privilege to useit. They appear to defend that the composers of theconstitution arranged plotted at extraordinary length tomake sure that to the exclusion of everything else, the profiteeringpornographer, the sick person and the pedophile mustbe allowed to rehearse their interests in the presenceof youngsters on a citizen made and subsidizedcomputer network.3People like this are the ones off base. Taxpayersdollars are being spent bringing indecent content and graphicsinto the homes of individuals everywhere throughout the world. The administration must take control to preventpornographers from utilizing the Internet anyway they see fitbecause they are violating laws that have existed for a considerable length of time. Cyberpunks, those most prevalently connected with theInternet, are individuals from a defiant society that arepolluting these systems with data containingpornography, bigotry, and different types of explicitinformation. At the point when they begin pulling around for a wrongdoing, newcybercops are entering a pretty unfriendlyenvironment. The internet, particularly the Internet,is loaded with the individuals who grasp an outskirts culturethat is threatening to power and dreadful that anyintrusions of police or government will destroytheir automatic world.5The automatic condition wanted by the cyberpunks isan chance to do anything they desire. The CommunicationsDecency Act is an endeavor on part of the legislature tocontrol their free demeanor showed in landing pages such asSex, Adult Pictures, X-Rated Porn, Hot Sleazy Pictures(Cum again + once more) and sex, sex, sex. hell, its bettereven better than genuine sex6. What we are doing is simplymaking similar laws, held sacred time and timeagain by the courts with respect to foulness and indecencythrough the mail and phones, pertinent to theInternet.7 To keep these sorts of pictures off homecomputers, the administration must control data on theInternet, similarly as it controls profanity through the mail oron the telephone. .uc4e38e68ec67a8279daf2c793fb9f051 , .uc4e38e68ec67a8279daf2c793fb9f051 .postImageUrl , .uc4e38e68ec67a8279daf2c793fb9f051 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .uc4e38e68ec67a8279daf2c793fb9f051 , .uc4e38e68ec67a8279daf2c793fb9f051:hover , .uc4e38e68ec67a8279daf2c793fb9f051:visited , .uc4e38e68ec67a8279daf2c793fb9f051:active { border:0!important; } .uc4e38e68ec67a8279daf2c793fb9f051 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uc4e38e68ec67a8279daf2c793fb9f051 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uc4e38e68ec67a8279daf2c793fb9f051:active , .uc4e38e68ec67a8279daf2c793fb9f051:hover { obscurity: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uc4e38e68ec67a8279daf2c793fb9f051 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relati ve; } .uc4e38e68ec67a8279daf2c793fb9f051 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enrichment: underline; } .uc4e38e68ec67a8279daf2c793fb9f051 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uc4e38e68ec67a8279daf2c793fb9f051 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content embellishment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc4e38e68ec67a8279daf2c793fb9f051:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u c4e38e68ec67a8279daf2c793fb9f051 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uc4e38e68ec67a8279daf2c793fb9f051-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uc4e38e68ec67a8279daf2c793fb9f051:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Dinquent EssayLegislative guidelines must be made to controlinformation on the Internet in light of the fact that the showing ordistribution of revolting material is illicit. The courts have commonly held that profanity isillegal under all conditions for all ages,while foulness is commonly permissible toadults, however that laws ensuring kids fromthis lesser structure are adequate. Its calledprotecting those among us who are youngsters fromthe vagrancies of adults.8The constitution of the United States has set guidelines todetermine what is arranged as foulness and what isn't. In Miller versus California, 413 U.S. at 24-25, thecourt declared its Miller Test and held, at 29,that its three section test established concreteguidelines to confine bad-to-the-bone sex entertainment fromexpression ensured by the First Amendment.9By laws recently set by the administration, obscenepornography ought not be open on the Internet. The legislature must police the Internet in light of the fact that peopleare overstepping laws. At the present time, the internet resembles aneighborhood without a police department.10 Currentlyanyone can put anything he needs on the Internet with nopenalties. The Communications Decency Act gives lawenforcement new apparatuses to indict the individuals who might utilize acomputer to make what might be compared to indecent phone calls,to arraign electronic stalkers who threaten theirvictims, to brace down on electronic merchants of obscenematerials, and to upgrade the odds of arraignment ofthose who might give sex entertainment to youngsters by means of acomputer.The government must direct the progression of data onthe Internet since a portion of the business blocking devicesused to channel this data are lacking. Cybercops particularly stress that criminals are presently ready to usepowerful cryptography to send and get uncrackable secretcommunications and are additionally helped by a nonymousre-mailers.11 By utilizing highlights like these it isimpossible to utilize blocking gadgets to stop kids fromaccessing this data. Gadgets set up to detectspecified series of characters won't channel those thatit can't peruse. The administration needs to prevent profane materials from beingtransferred by means of the Internet since it abuses lawsdealing with interstate trade. It's anything but a legitimate contention that consentingadults ought to be permitted to utilize the PC BBSand Internet frameworks to get whatever theywant. On the off chance that the materials are revolting, the law canforbid the utilization of means and offices ofinterstate trade and normal bearers to transport ordisseminate the obscenity.12When supplies and data are disregarded state ornational limits, they are dependent upon the laws governinginterstate and intrastate business. At the point when data ispassed between two PCs, it is exposed to the samestandards. The administration having the ability to control theinformation being put on the Internet is an appropriate extensionof its forces. With a data based framework, for example, theInternet there will undoubtedly be material that is notappropriate for minors to see. In going of an amendmentlike the Communications Decency Act, the legislature would begiven the ability to control that material. BIBLIOGRAPHYBuerger, David. The right to speak freely of Speech Meets Internet Censors;Cisco Snubs IBM. System World. Discourse MagazineDatabase, 040477. 31 Oct. 1994, 82. Precious stone, Edwin and Stephen Bates. And afterward There WasUsenet. American Heritage. Oct. 1995, 38. Precious stone, Edwin and Stephen Bates. The Ancient History ofthe Internet. American Heritage. Oct. 1995, 34-45. Dyson, Esther. Storm of Opinions On The InformationHighway. Computerworld. Discourse Magazine Database,035733. 28 Feb. 1994, 35. Exon, James J. Shielding Decency on the Internet. Lincoln Journal. 31 July 1995, 6. Exon, James J. Exon Decency Amendment Approved by Senate.Jim Exon News. 14 June 1995. Exon, James J., and Dan Coats. Letter to United StatesSenators. 27 July 1995. .ub3b010a77e9de861ecb87ecb8f120022 , .ub3b010a77e9de861ecb87ecb8f120022 .po

The History and Deculturalizat essays

The History and Deculturalizat papers The Discovery of America Brings Annihilation At the point when Christopher Columbus arrived on Hispaniola, the evaluations for the quantity of Native Americans were galactic in contrast with what the number is today. Appraisals place 800 separate countries, with one-hundred fifty language families and 1,500 to 2,000 lingos. Populace considers appear between 75 to 145 million occupants in North and South America (Buan, 1991). By 1890, the number in North America had been decreased to 250,000. All out countries have been obliterated. At the point when the Spaniards came to North America, Europe had just been attacked with smallpox, measles, bubonic plague, diphtheria, flu, yellow fever, typhoid, syphilis, tuberculosis and a large group of different maladies. Be that as it may, the Americas had been disconnected from these extraordinary attacks. At the point when the cruising ships showed up not too far off, they came not exclusively to loot yet to spread their ailments too. While it isn't documentable that the Spanish purposely spread ailments, it is very much archived that they were hardhearted with the locals. Entire countries were demolished by the trespassers and their European maladies. Appraisals approaching a 98% passing rate from ailments alone are normal. Three significant focuses to recollect for viable organic weapons are: first, the presentation of incessant diseases for which there is no known fix. The second, shroud the poison under an appearance so the adversary surprises it until it is past the point of no return. At long last, consolidate weapons with the goal that what one weapon neglects to achieve, the ensuing weapons will wrap up. The British had seen the adequacy of infections among the locals and utilized a mask. Sicknesses were not quick enough to achieve the feared obliteration, so they joined this organic fighting with the blade, firearms and chasing hounds as the Spanish did to eradicate the vermin. That the mercilessness of the British was not overlooked by attacking pilgrims can be seen on the Trail of Tears. On the Tr... <!

How to Write a Cover Letter for a Resume

Congratulations! You’ve reworked your resume and you’ve got an eye-catching, jaw-dropping masterpiece.  Now that everything’s in order, you’re ready to submit your resume and apply for your fantasy job. Well, almost. You’ll need a cover letter first. Here’s how to write a cover letter for a resume that’ll put your name on the top of HR’s pile. Why Write a Cover Letter for a Resume? In some ways, cover letters are more important than your resume. They give you the opportunity to introduce yourself, or to explain your work history a bit further than a bullet-pointed resume will. Maybe there’s a huge gap in your work history because you were volunteering with WOOFF or couch surfing across the planet. You can use your cover letter to explain this gap. Similarly, if you’re switching career fields, you’ll want to use your resume to tie your experience to the job you’re applying for. A well written cover letter is like a sales pitch. In about three paragraphs, you’ll say hello to your new boss, you’ll summarize your past and you’ll explain how you’ll benefit the company in the future. If you’re a writer, you may already know how to write a cover letter for a resume. Break your letter down into a few sections, and the rest will come to you. But we understand that its not easy for everyone, so lets look at the structure of a cover letter. Introduction To begin, you’ll want to jump right in with an introduction. The introduction is your first paragraph, and you’ll tell your hiring manager how you found out about the job posting. You already have a resume, so you’ll leave the specifics out of this. Don’t make your cover letter an outlet for name dropping or listing your references. You can do that in an interview, and it carries a bit of unprofessionalism. Instead, keep it simple. â€Å"I’m writing in response to the Administrative Assistant opportunity you posted on Monster.com.† Specifically list the job you’re applying for, as HR can spot a generic cover letter from a planet away. Properly address your HR manager, too. Find out who will be receiving your application and address that person by name. There’s no need to get too personal. Mrs. Smith will do. Your qualifications In the next paragraph, you’ll tell her in a few words how you qualify for the position. And if you can manage it, share with her how you’d fit in with the culture of the company. This paragraph is where you can explain any gaps in your career. Were you a used car salesman last month but now you want to be a server at Red Lobster? Tell them all about how you’ve got great customer service skills. It’s all in how you phrase it. â€Å"While my resume reflects a long and successful career in the pre-owned auto industry, I would instead like to use my customer relations skills to provide a great experience for each of Red Lobster’s guests.† If you know how to type a paragraph, you know how to write a cover letter for a resume. Don’t be afraid to use your imagination, but always be honest. Know the qualifications of the job, and find a way to tie in your past experience. Setting up the Interview The final paragraph is the one job seekers screw up the most frequently. The key to success here is confidence. It may be tempting to write something like, â€Å"I hope that you’ll reach out to me to set up an interview.† Don’t. Do. That. Instead, be a little bit pushy. Instead of meekly tucking your tail between your legs and mumbling something about â€Å"hope hope hope,† take the first step. Suggest a time and a place to interview, or let your boss know that you’ll be calling at 10:00 on Wednesday, March 17. And then do it. Writing this paragraph the right way is a little intimidating. You may feel like you’re asking someone to prom. But what’s the worst that can happen? They say no, right? Offering to meet or call your future boss is the absolute best way to get a response, whether it’s a no or a yes. And a response is the beginning of conversation. Making Your Cover Letter Stand Out According to salary.com, it takes 200 seconds for an employer to receive a resume as response to a job posting. That’s about 3 minutes, for those of you who hate math. And Forbes.com says that the average number of resumes received for a job posting is 118. So how do you keep from getting lost? Alright, here are a few tips on how to write a cover letter for a resume that will stand out amongst 117 others. First, show your personality. Now, that’s not giving you license to curse like a sailor or type in all caps. But don’t be afraid to use humor, if that’s what you’re good at. Steer clear of politics and religion, as always. And never, ever crack jokes at the company’s expense. Second, be light yet professional. This may seem like a strange thing to say, but as a writer you understand that the slightest change in syntax can change the entire tone of a sentence. â€Å"I am looking forward to meeting with you to discuss this opportunity† indicates a totally different demeanor than â€Å"I’m looking forward to chatting with you about this opportunity.† No hiring manager wants to hire a bore. Finally, research the company. Let’s say that you want to interview for a position with Verizon Wireless. You could include something in your cover letter just mentioning the company’s addition of a new smartphone. But don’t be an egghead. No manager cares that you know stock quotes or the name of the CFO of the company. To summarize all of this, you’ll just want to keep your cover letter simple. No more than one page, or a few paragraphs. Be professional, and address your audience as specifically as possible. Don’t send generic cover letters, as they’ll immediately be thrown in the recycle bin. And take the first step in suggesting a meeting with your prospective employer. Now you know how to write a cover letter for a job that will stand out in the pile. Couple this with a resume that’s well written and cleanly formatted, and you’ll be on your way to your job interview before you know it. Good luck!

The Problem Representation Of Art - 1937 Words

This research investigated differences in problem representation in art. The purpose was to examine what features people pay attention to when they look for similarities in a group of paintings. There are a range of differences that can contribute to what features people pay attention to when they examine for similarities in a groups of objects. Research by Rabinowitz and Hogan (2008) discussed that people with more experience in a certain domain have a propensity to create better representations for items related to that field. The representations are created by the more experienced individuals and tend to be organized around deep structural features that are in relation to the problem or task they are being asked to complete (Chi, Feltovich Glaser, 1981; Hardiman, Dufresne Mestre, 1989; Rabinowitz and Hogan, 2008).The less experienced or novice individuals will then tend to represent for problems on the basis of surface level features(Chi, Feltovich Glaser, 1981; Hardiman, Dufre sne Mestre, 1989; Rabinowitz and Hogan, 2008). Experts also tend to spend more time than novices in their field of expertise building representations of the problem they are trying to solve before looking for the solution to the problem, while novices tend to take longer and devote less of the time to processing, finding and creating problem representations (Lesgold, Rubinson, Glaser, Klopfer, Feltovich Wang, 1988). Research by Lesgold et al. 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Things Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe - 1537 Words

Have you ever heard of the phrase â€Å"With great power comes great responsibility?† Perhaps this quote from The Amazing Spider-Man sounds familiar. Even if it doesn’t, I want you to think about it for a minute. This quote is pretty self explanatory, but it does not explain the consequences that may come if one fails to have great responsibility. The complication that great power brings is the potential for power to fall into the wrong hands and dismantle a community. In the novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe one observes the many consequences this issue can have on a town. Okonkwo is the main character of this novel, the leader of the clan of Umuofia. The violence that Okonkwo inflicts on his clan gradually turns him into the man he has always feared of becoming and without the guidance of an outstanding leader the people of Umuofia are with ease altered by colonialism which not only rips the people apart from each other but also tears them from their culture, o ne can learn to reflect on morality of their desires before acting out of control. In a society where violence is a sign of dominance and manliness it would be nothing but normal for a man to hit his wives, such is Umuofia. But when that man begins to show no mercy for his own people, it is no longer acceptable. Okonkwo is that man. Instead of being viewed as a role model who the people should follow after, he is seen as a threat to the terrorized people of Umuofia. He had a slight stammer and whenever he wasShow MoreRelatedThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1415 Words   |  6 Pagesbook Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe does just that. 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Bad Case of Stripes free essay sample

The hillier In her class laughed at her and called her names Like Camilla Crayon. They started shouting things Like How about some purple polka dots! and to everyones amazement, Camellias skin began to look Like purple polka dots. Camilla caused such a ruckus she was sent home and was not permitted to school until her case of stripes cleared up. DRP. Bumble returns to the creams house, this time with four specialists. They specialists cannot find anything wrong with Camilla but give her a pill to try. The next day, Camilla was a giant multi-colored pill! DRP.Bumble is called again, this time accompanied by two experts. After more poking and prodding, no specialist or expert can find a cure for Camellias bad case of stripes. Just when all hope seems to be lost, a little old woman comes to visit the Creams claiming she can cure Camellias stripes! Her arrival was much appreciated by all, especially Camilla who only hours earlier became her own bedroom. We will write a custom essay sample on Bad Case of Stripes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The old woman better work fast before Camilla becomes the entire house! Camilla Cream: Camilla is a little girl who always worried about what others think and owe she should act to impress them.One morning before school, Camilla breaks out in a bad case of stripes! Mr.. ; Mrs.. Cream: These are Camellias parents. They are very supportive of Camellias condition but try everything in their power to help Camilla get rid of her stripes. DRP. Bumble ; his specialists and experts: This is the group of doctors who poke and prod Camilla to try and diagnose her. When the specialists cant cure her with medicine, they send in the experts. But they have little help for Camilla either. Old Woman: The book describes the old woman to be plump and sweet like a strawberry.She is the only one who knows the cure for Camellias case of stripes. I gave this book five stars because of the fantastic message It has for Its readers. Being yourself and being proud of who you are can be a hard lesson to learn. This book Is a great way to Introduce children how to be themselves. David Shannon book A Bad Case of Stripes would be a wonderful tool to helping children take meaning from a book. The story was Interesting and humorous, the Illustrations were lived and lifelike, and It kept your attention.These are all qualities that are going to keep a childs Interest and hopefully give them the skills to understand the meaning from the book. Bad Case of Stripes ay amber ay: David Shannon thinking about who she had to impress for the day when suddenly she broke out in STRIPES! Mr.. And Mrs.. Cream called DRP. Bumble immediately to come and treat children in her class laughed at her and called her names like Camilla Crayon. They started shouting things like How about some purple polka dots! and to everyones amazement, Camellias skin began to look like purple polka dots.Camilla caused such ruckus she was sent home and was not permitted to school until her case of stripes cleared up. DRP. Bumble returns to the Creams house, this time with four specialists. Rhea specialists cannot find anything wrong with Camilla but give her a pill to try. The little old woman comes to visit the Creams claiming she can cure Camellias stripes! ere supportive of Camellias condition but try everything in their power to help specialists cant cure her with medicine, they send in the experts. But they have little gave this book five stars because of the fantastic message it has for its readers. Engine yourself and being proud of who you are can be a hard lesson to learn. This book is a great way to introduce children how to be themselves. David Chansons meaning from a book. The story was interesting and humorous, the illustrations were livid and lifelike, and it kept your attention. These are all qualities that are going to keep a childs interest and hopefully give them the skills to understand the meaning

Merck Swot Analysis Stakeholder Evaluation free essay sample

Merck and Company, Inc. : SWOT Analysis and Stakeholder Evaluation Merck and Company, Inc. , a. k. a. Merck, is a leading worldwide pharmaceutical company that engages in manufacturing and marketing medicines, animal products, vaccines, and consumer health products. As most companies, Merck desires to continue their success as one of the top health care innovators in the world. Conducting a SWOT analysis can give them insight into internal strengths and weaknesses as well as external opportunities and threats. By way of the analysis, the company can obtain a clearer understanding of where it needs to improve and grow, and anticipate future threats to react effectively. Further, this valuable information is used by managers within the organization to satisfy needs of stakeholders as well as provide investors with sound information to help make informed decisions regarding their willingness to invest in the company. Ranking as the second largest healthcare company in the world, after the merger with Schering-Plough, Merck has set the standard for what it means to be an industry leader. We will write a custom essay sample on Merck Swot Analysis Stakeholder Evaluation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Deriving from their company website, their vision is to â€Å"make a difference in the lives of people globally through†¦innovative medicines, vaccines, and consumer health and animal products† (â€Å"The New Merck,† 2010). Merck’s mission is to create distinctive products and services that will save and improve lives and satisfy customer needs. They seek to gain recognition as possessing an exceptional working environment, and offer investors a superior rate of return (â€Å"The New Merck,† 2010). Finally, they stand for â€Å"excellence in science and healthcare innovation, with an emphasis on addressing unmet medical needs; focus[ing] on patients and anticipating customers’ needs; and commitment to expand access to [their] medicines and vaccines, and to improve global health† (â€Å"The New Merck,† 2010). A SWOT analysis is a useful tool to stay committed to the vision and mission prescribed above. This analysis evaluates an organizations strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as it pertains to a specific objective. Strengths and weaknesses are typically internal factors which are more easily fixed, whereas opportunities and threats are external factors that cannot always be anticipated (Robbins Judge, 2011, p. 183). Conducting a SWOT analysis on Merck will shed light on its position within the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry. After the merger with Schering-Plough in November 2009, Merck became the second largest drug manufacturing company in the world generating $45,987. 00 million in revenue for December 31, 2010 fiscal year, according to Business Company database. The merger also expands Merck’s product portfolio, including areas of research and development in which Merck is lacking (â€Å"Merck and Schering-Plough mega-merger will create a company greater than the sum of its parts,† 2009). Gains in sales growth will occur with its new product launches such as Cozaar and Hyzaar for cardiovascular treatment, Dulera for respiratory therapy, and Simponi as an immunology drug. In addition, Merck’s already active product line such as Januvia for diabetes, Gardasil for the human papillomavirus, and Isentress for HIV will also add to Merck’s long-term sales growth (Hoover’s Inc. 2011). According to Hoover’s Inc. in-depth analysis of Merck Co. Inc. , â€Å"The acquisition of Schering enables Merck to potentially achieve $3. 5 billion in annual cost-saving synergies by 2011† (Hoover’s Inc. , 2011). Merck has also decided to expand its market outreach to India, and hope to encompass other countrie s such as China, South Korea, Russia, Brazil, Mexico, and Turkey. By expanding to global emerging markets, Merck can expect to obtain a growth in pharmaceutical sales over the next few years (â€Å"Closing the Gap,† 2010). With an immense competitive environment success is not without its drawbacks. Merck was forced to pull their blockbuster arthritis medication, Vioxx, off the market because of its high risk to stroke or heart attack after continued use. Merck spent millions of dollars on the marketing campaign for Vioxx, which paid off in its $2. 5 billion worldwide sale, all of which is at a loss to the company now (Gorman Kher, 2004). In 2012, Merck stands to lose patents on popular asthma medication, Singulair, which accounts for 10% of the combined sales of Merck and Schering-Plough (Hoover’s Inc. 2011). Finally, competition over generic products will hurt sales for Merck’s brand named products (Hoover’s Inc. , 2011). Competition with pharmaceutical company Pfizer will create looming threats toward Merck. Pfizer recently merged with Wyeth making them largest pharmaceutical company. This merger allowed Pfizer to gain a new product line and increase sales (Marino, 2009). Merck will need to be more vigilant in creating new products; however, they also must worry about the FDA approval on new products. Finally, government regulation on product pricing can affect Merck ecause it forces them reduce prices (Hoover’s Inc. , 2011). To better meet the needs of stakeholders, the company must understand its pros and cons, and conducting the SWOT analysis sheds light on those pros and cons. Stakeholders are entitled to know what is going on within the business because choices that the business makes effects stakeholders and vice versa. For example, suppliers of an organization share a common interest in the growth and prosperity of the organization their supplying to because they stand to gain or lose business from them. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the organization to meet the needs of the suppliers by making sound business decisions to increase the growth of the organization. Merck identifies five stakeholders for which it needs to satisfy, who are customers, employees, shareholders, community and society, and suppliers. According to â€Å"Code of Conduct,† 2011, customers include patients, consumers, health care professionals, health care organizations, government agencies, wholesalers, and distributors. The wants and needs of customers are generally quality products and services, and to be treated with the integrity by having the customers best interest at heart. Information regarding products and services should be clear and informative, and by no means ambiguous. Merck maintains that â€Å"Information furnished to our customers about our products and services, including the availability and delivery, must be useful, accurate, supported by scientific evidence where relevant and presented honestly, fairly and by proper means† (â€Å"Code of Conduct,† 2011, p. 7). Merck believes in fair competition and tries to keep prices of products and services at a competitive rate. They do not believe distorting the image of their competitor products (â€Å"Code of Conduct,† 2011, p. 8). Although Merck follows a specific code of conduct, it is impossible to please every customer. The drug Vioxx had to be pulled off the market because of unforeseen side effects. Merck should have disclosed every side effect clearly to its customers as prescribed by their code of conduct; however, it did not happen in reality. Anyone who took the drug for more than 18 months had doubled the risk of stroke or heart attack. In an effort to correct their mistake, Merck pulled the drug off the market (Gormon Kher, 2004). An employees needs are fair compensation, a safe work environment, and fair treatment. Merck believes that compensation is based on the employees’ merit, experience, and other work-related criteria. They seek to gain a diverse workforce recruiting those from a variety of different backgrounds. By complying with safety and health regulations, and keeping their businesses up to code, Merck provides a safe working environment for employees. When accidents occur, they follow through with appropriate channels alleviate the situation. Merck follows an open communication policy among employees to encourage them to speak freely and voice opinions. They respect the rights of colleagues and realize employees will disagree. They wish to promote an environment open communication; however, each employee must be willing to â€Å"agree to disagree† (â€Å"Code of Conduct,† 2011, p. 16). Shareholders invest money into organizations in hopes of more valuable returns. Shareholders also have the power to make decisions within the company. Balancing the needs of shareholders and the company can be difficult. Merck makes decisions in the best interest of the company, and avoids conflicts of interest; however, shareholders are not always satisfied. For example, Merck’s decision to pull Vioxx off the market had a significant impact on shareholder investments, and also led to lawsuits against Merck further forcing them to make payouts to investors (Holland, 2009). Merck is focused on helping organizations that benefit society. Through the Merck Company Foundation, Merck â€Å"donates products and other in-kind services to qualified organizations and programs that address the needs of society†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (â€Å"Code of Conduct,† 2011, p. 27). They also believe it is their responsibility to protect the environment in any country they are in. In an effort to handle their products in the most environmentally responsible way, Merck provides their consumers with information to educate them on proper disposal methods and rules and regulations that must be abided (â€Å"Code of Conduct,† 2011, p. 28). In addition, they advocate for the welfare of animals, and plan studies that limit the amount of research conducted on animals wherever possible (â€Å"Code of Conduct,† 2011, p. 29). As a mutual fund manager, the decision on whether to invest in Merck Co. , Inc. is a difficult decision. Weighing the pros and cons from the SWOT analysis can help make decisions easier. Merck has benefited people throughout the world with products that have saved lives. Ongoing research and development will create newer medicines and vaccines that will continue to help people in years to come. They have experienced drawbacks through patent losses, and have come across litigation issues that negatively affected Merck; however, it did not ruin their reputation as one of leading pharmaceutical marketing and manufacturing companies in the world. Their values are incorporated in every aspect of business such meeting the needs of their customers, employees, shareholders, and community. Merging with the Pfizer Plough strengthened their hold in the pharmaceutical industry by adding a new product portfolio that will add to areas of research and development in which Merck is lacking. In addition, Pfizer Plough’s products add to Merck’s sales and increases profits each year. The potential for Merck to grow within the pharmaceutical industry is high; therefore, investing would be a good business decision. Why not be a part of a company who has a corporate responsibility of â€Å"Helping the World Be Well? † References Closing the gap. (2010). Country Monitor, 18(44), 5. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Gormon, C. , Kher. U. (2004). A Painful Mistake. Time Inernational (Canada Edition), 164(15), 30. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Holland, J. (2009, December 3). Court hears arguments in Mercks Vioxx appeal. Buffalo Law Journal. p. 11. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.. Hoover’s Inc. (2011, August 17). Merck Co. , Inc. Hoover’s Company Records – In – Depth Records. Retrieved August 19, 2011 from Hoover’s Academic database. Marino, J. (2009). Big Pharma’s Mid-Market Influence. Mergers Acquisitions Report, 22(18), 12. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Merck. (2011). The new merck. Retrieved from http://www. merck. com/about/home. html Merck. 2011). Code of conduct: Our values and standards. Retrieved from http://www. merck. com/about/code_of_conduct. pdf Merck and Company, Inc. Company Profile. d. n. DC305661. Retrieved August 19, 2011 from Business Company database. Merck and Schering-Plough mega-merger will create a company greater than the sum of its parts. (2009). PharmaWatch: Monthly Review, 8(4), 25-27. Retreived from EBSCOhost. Robbins, S. P. , Judge, T. A. (2011). Organizational Behavior (14th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 176-199.

Personal Selling And Sales Objectives Example

Personal Selling And Sales Objectives Example Personal Selling And Sales Objectives – Coursework Example Personal Selling and Sales Objectives Advertisement and selling of good have always the interest of a marketer to achieve the focussed target at the end of the month. There are several ways of selling a product or a service to customer. Recently, online retailers have gained a lot of attention in selling goods. Today one can buy anything over the web. As a seller, I personally think that online selling has many advantages. An online retailer does not need a physical shop to display his or her products. So, he or she saves on the physical stores. Secondly, while selling a product to a client in physical store, they might not be able to give the complete information for the product that might influence the customer to purchase the product. Whereas, in the case of an online retailer, he or she can give all the information of the product online which will be necessary for the customer. However, it is up to the customer whether he or she wants to go through each and every information abou t the product.While selling online, the sales objectives are easy to achieve. For example, recently a new trend has been seen when it comes to a launch of a mobile. The seller of the mobile gives the launch date and announces of a limited number of availability of the mobile. This creates a rush in the market and the customers become excited to buy the mobile on a priority basis. In this way, the company is able to sell of its mobile in the fastest way possible.Work CitedCant, M. C, and Neels Van Heerden.  Personal Selling. 1st ed. Lansdowne, South Africa: Juta, 2004. Print.

International Business Strategy Literature review

International Business Strategy - Literature review Example Yet many managers view it to be more theoretical than practical. Most of the time, when this theory in use it is often misused to provide a single answers which is overly precise (Lindstadt, 2010). The work on the European passenger rail deregulation is evidence to prove that game theory provides appropriate guidance to managers as they handle unprecedented and difficult situations. The key to achieve the best results is to use this theory to generate a range of results based on decisions made by reasonable players. Then use them analyze the merits and demerits of each decision. It is clear from the reading, that the authors’ model changes game theory from a tool that gives a single answer to a discipline that gives knowledgeable support to managerial decisions (Lindstadt, 2010). We observe that factors in the economic environment propel game theory to a prominent place in strategy. The global economic crisis and the uncertain recovery, have called for shifts in industrial capacity, market price and demand. These uncertainties paralyze corporate decision-making and worse they compel managers to make less informed decisions. Game theory contributes to a clear decision

A Micro and Macro Analysis of the Mobile Industry Environment Using Essay

A Micro and Macro Analysis of the Mobile Industry Environment Using the Pestel Analysis. A Case Study of Blackberry - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that Blackberry is one of the multinational electronic product suppliers in the world that has managed to dominate the mobile industry market for a long time now in the history of the mobile industry. The organization is a major supplier of wireless devices including mobile phones and pagers and currently working on the launch of more products. Commonly known as Research in Motion, the company started in 1984 and took the world by storm in 1999 with the introduction of blackberry solutions. It continued to produce advanced models of blackberry solutions while partnering with technological and telecommunication companies such as MTN, Yahoo, AOL among others. Blackberry has proved a superior communication device especially during the 9/11 crisis, in which it was able to send messages where other devices had failed. In addition, during the anthrax scare, blackberry also emerged a superior means of wireless communication, and the two incidences earned it a reputation for security and reliability. BlackBerry recorded a revenue of $18.435 billion and profit of $ 1.164 billion in 2012. The company’s main competitors are Google Inc., Nokia OYJ, Apple Inc., and Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. However, the mobile industry environment has considerably changed, and the intensity of competition has greatly put the supplier at a lower bargaining end. As Husso points out in his research, scholars have taken a keynote of the change in the dynamic mobile environment that has threatened to push most organizations out of the market. Despite the fact that the company is performing well financially, it is not immune to the pressures of external forces. Currently, most researchers have established that new market entrants, change of technology, and development of new government regulations have all heightened the competition. Consequently, the organization has engaged in research-driven strategic management to react to the changes in the market force and to remain profitable in this industry. The mobile industry is one of the market environments that have garnered a wide range of research from scholars across the world. Ryan expressed the competition that exists within the mobile industry and recommended that all mobile industries switch to modest business strategies to survive in the competitive market. This scholar pointed out that competition has reduced the cost mobile products so much that business priced-market strategies have become obsolete in this market. The research of Ryan has been followed by numerous researchers seeking to evaluate various aspects of the mobile industry environment. Researchers such as Kim and Tallberg have paid particular attention to the mobile handset market and the competition that has emerged in the recent past.

Green Tree City Case Study (Question 3 only) Assignment

Green Tree City Case Study (Question 3 only) - Assignment Example This entails ensuring good packing and entry for clients and all other users of the building. The accessibility of the building also ensures easy and quick evacuation and rescue operations in time of attacks as well as other disaster like fire and floods (National Research Council, 2001). This makes the accessibility of a building a main concern for owners as it forms a factor in elevating the number of people rescued during rescue operations and increases the building’s safety. The other concern for a building owner is ensuring the building is leased to known parties as a means of reducing chances of leasing arts of the building to terrorists who can cause bombings like in the case study. The person renting, therefore, has to provide documentation and a stated use for the building or art of the building leased. The main reason for this is that the owner has the authority in deciding the lease agreement, hence has the responsibility. The other concern of the owner entails limiting the points of entry to a building as a way to limit unauthorized access to the building. The measures for this include use of not less than eight feet fence along the perimeter, slowing of incoming vehicles through design of the road, use of high security lights protected by wire, to avoid tampering and improve lighting, and the use of anti-ram devices (U.S. Department Security & Federal Emergency Agency, 2013). The importance of these measures includes increased standoff protection against driving in with unwanted materials including bombs and explosives. Limiting access to ventilation system to only authorized personnel also reduces instances of using ventilation systems as channels to spread explosives by terrorists. The erection of electronic security detection devices in all doors and entrances to the building forms the other concern of the owner. Use of glass break censors and closed-circuit cameras surveillance is another securi ty

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401(k) Plans   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many economic issues facing the nation today. While some are extremely important in determining how the economy is balanced, others are not. Although this is true, that does not necessarily make these lesser important issues obsolete. Take, for example, the recent issue of corporate leaders matching contributors to the 401(k) plan with company stock, instead of with cash. Though this is a relatively National issue, it still greatly affects a large number of people in foreign areas as well as you and me. Because of this effect on such a large number of people, it is necessary that this issue be discussed, as will happen within the next few paragraphs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the way that a 401(k) stock matching plan is set up; timing is everything. In a basic 401(k) plan employees put forth a set amount of dollars (usually pre-determined personally by the employee) before taxes are withheld This portion of the employee's paycheck is put toward his or her retirement. What some companies prefer to do in order to make the 401(k) plan more attractive for employees, is to match each employee's investment in the plan by a certain percent. Here is where the problem comes in. Though some companies match contributors either with cash or with a direct credit to the plan, other companies match with corporate stock. According to Richard Sasanow, a former assistant of public communications at Ernst and Young, "many experts consider this to be one of the riskiest investments for a 401 (k)-but may be worth it if you think your company has a great future." (Sasanow, 45) A recent survey shows that 18 percent of all companies made their matching contributions this way. Now for small, fast-growing businesses this would not seem as much of a risk since these companies' stock are generally on the increase. But for some large corporations, this is a great risk for employees since a lot of their retirement money is now based on how well the company does.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some say that because contribution matching is now based on how well the company does, then employees will strive to do a more efficient job in order to increase the overall stock price of the company, which, in turn, will increase the amount of retirement they will receive. Now the problem of timing comes in again. Mr. Jim Davenport, a Staff Writer for The State Newspaper uses a good example: "An imaginary worker for an oil company was looking forward to retiring at the end of the week. His 401(k) is fat and has been getting fatter thanks to company stock.

Competing with Information Technology Essay

Chapter 2 introduces fundamental concepts of competitive advantage through information technology and illustrates major strategic applications of information systems. Information Technology (IT) professionals must understand how to use IT systems and technology to deliver a competitive advantage to the organization. Information systems and technology should provide more than a cost savings benefit to organizations. Today, IT solutions are expected to provide the means to surpass a competitor’s performance. As discussed in Chapter 1, the role of IT professionals is changing. Currently, there is an evolving term, business technology, which is used to describe the emerging role in IT. IT professionals are becoming more and more integrated with the business operations of an organizations. The Real World Case Study 4, â€Å"IT Leaders: Reinventing IT as a Strategic Business Partner,† describes how one organization is reorganizing to better utilize IT to increase business benefits and contribute to a competitive advantage. It is important for an IT organization to utilize IT to reduce the cost of running the business, grow the business, or develop new services to change the business. To position an organization to better provide its products and services, an understanding of the competitive forces is needed. Michael Porter identifies five threats that require business strategies ensure that an organization can out-perform other competitors. They are: 1. Rivalry of competitors within its industry 2. Threat of new entrants 3. Threat posed by substitute products that might capture its market share 4. The bargaining power of customers 5. The bargaining power of suppliers To counteract these threats, competitive strategies must be developed to address the potential risks an organization may encounter as it strives to maintain its position on the market place. The competitive strategies are: 1. Cost Leadership Strategy 2. Differentiation Strategy 3. Innovation Strategy 4. Growth Strategies 5. Alliance Strategies 6. Other Strategies These strategies can be used either individually or in a combination to position an organization to better compete for the future. An example of an organization that is utilizing IT to change how it does business and remain economically viable in the future is the online magazine Cross Talk. In the 1990’s, Cross Talk was printing and mailing the magazine to subscribers. With a decrease in funding, this organization had to develop ways to reduce costs, deliver its services to its subscribers, grow its subscriber base, demonstrate its value above other on-line content providers, and justify why it should not be eliminated. Cross Talk is now available at its new website in either an online digital flipbook format or PDF version—CrossTalk is now completely electronic. This change reduces their carbon footprint and allows them to bring the journal to their readers in their preferred and most convenient format. This is also CrossTalk’s first step towards reaching new reader devices and enhancing the suitability of the journal for our increasing electronic readership. Customer Value Customer value has become a driving force in the world economy. A key success factor for many organizations is developing customer value by increasing customer loyalty, anticipate their future needs, respond to customer concerns, and provide top-quality customer service. One example is Southwest Airlines. Not only have they automated ticket sales via the Internet, Southwest also sends special offers regarding discounts available at my destination, emails to remind customers that the trip is â€Å"around the corner,† text alerts if a flight is delayed, and offers incentives to fly with them. It seems that Southwest Airlines provides a personal assistant to help make the travel experience more enjoyable. Think about how some of your favorite businesses are creating customer value for you. Internet Technologies Many organizations use Internet technologies to create a strategy to offer fast, responsive, high-quality products and services tailored to a customer’s individual preferences. Internet technologies make customers the focal point of customer relationship management (CRM) and other e-business applications. New technologies such as wikis and blogs are also being incorporated as a means to provide enhanced customer experience. Such communications enable continual interaction with customers by creating a cross-functional collaboration with customers in product development, marketing, delivery, service, and technical support. Television is taking advantage of this capability. TV news shows are reading and answering emails and some reality TV shows allow views to vote for their favorite contestant, preferred ending, or favorite commercial. Using the Internet technologies, business units are better able to shape and offer products and services. Value Chain The value chain is another concept that helps to identify opportunities for strategic information systems. It views an organization as a series of basic activities that add value to its products and services. In this framework, activities are organized into primary and support processes. From the business understanding gained by analyzing an organization’s value chain, the IT organization can determine where to best apply IT systems and technology. The following value chain graphic provides an example of how and where information technologies can be applied to specific business processes to gain a competitive advantage in the market place. Value chain offered by information technologies. Business Reengineering Often times, to remain competitive, an organization must consider more than just where and what IT systems and technology solutions should applied. An organization must look at how it actually does business and then reengineer its business processes. Business reengineering requires an organization to re-design how it does business by eliminating stove-piped, silo organizations and functions, develop an improved understanding for opportunities for information sharing, and instituting enhanced stewardship regarding an organizations data and business processes. Agile Companies The rate of change is increasing and organizations must be able to quickly respond to changing market trends. Standardized, long-lived products and services are giving way to globalized, niche markets which offer products that are individualized and short-lived. To become an agile organization, an organization must consider the following strategies. 1. Provide a solution that customers perceive as a solution to an individual problem. This allows the product to be priced based on value rather than cost to produce. 2. Cooperate with customers suppliers, and other companies to quickly bring the product to market. 3. Thrive on change and uncertainty. 4. Leverage the individuals and knowledge of the processes. Become entrepreneurial in spirit. Knowledge as a Competitive Advantage To remain competitive, organization must become a learning organization. Organizations must be able to capture the knowledge of the organization, learn from this knowledge, and then use it to enhance its offerings. Knowledge Management Systems facilitates an organization’s ability to capture and then utilize its knowledge. Understanding and being able to utilize this â€Å"unstructured date† is key to developing and maintain a competitive advantage. Information capture includes processes, procedures, patents, reference works, best practices, etc. This integration of knowledge helps an organization become an innovative and agile provider of high-quality products and customer services, and potentially a more formidable competitor in the market place. Leaders in information technology are expected to be not only a technology professional but also a business professional. Many are tasked with finding emerging business opportunities, driving growth, encouraging innovation, and engaging customers. This provides a tremendous opportunity for you to step up and co-create and ultimately shape the future business vision. Collaborating with the business will not be enough—you don’t just provide the technology but jointly own the success and failure of business initiatives. IT Portfolio Management and Governance An emerging trend is enhanced IT Portfolio Management and Governance as a means to effectively apply IT systems and technology to business needs. According to Richard Spires, DHS CIO, in his blog post entitled Getting Program Governance Right Helps Ensure Success on the federal CIO Council Web site: Complex IT systems encompass at least a half-dozen stakeholder organizations that must be synchronized, including the strategy organization, the business or mission owner of the system, IT, finance, procurement, security, and privacy. Ensuring all key stakeholders are involved in key decisions is an essential element to assuring genuine alignment. Program Governance Boards provide guidance, decision-making, and oversight of one or more programs. The function of the Program Governance Board is not to usurp the authorities of the Program Manager (PM), but rather to provide a forum by which the PM can bring key issues and trade-off decisions to an informed, empowered body that has a vested interest in that program’s success and views the PM as a trusted advisor and true subject matter specialist. IT organizations must determine where to invest time, people, and money in current and new IT systems and services in order to enhance the value of products and services. To do this, many organizations are categorizing offerings into individual portfolios and establishing a strong governance structure to guide the selection and investment into solutions. Enterprise Architecture Organizations are establishing an Enterprise Architecture (EA) to inform, guide and constrain the investment decisions made by governance boards regarding IT systems. The Federal CIO Council defines EA as: Enterprise Architecture is a strategic information asset base, which defines the mission, the information necessary to perform the mission and the technologies necessary to perform the mission, and the transitional processes for implementing new technologies in response to changing mission needs. An enterprise architecture includes a baseline architecture, target architecture (sometimes referred to an as-is and to-be), and a sequencing plan. An EA identifies which processes and IT systems to standardize and integrate. The benefits of an EA are reduction in IT Costs, improved IT responsiveness, guides the proper selection of IT solutions to ensure the accomplishment strategic business outcomes. The components of an enterprise architecture is described in the figure below: Various layers of an enterprise architecture. (Source: NIST) Conclusion How does your organization determine how to invest in IT? You might see if one of your organization’s senior executives is available for a 30 minute meeting to discuss how the organization determines what technologies to invest in as a corporation. Think about questions to ask. Some examples might be: how is an business need identified? How are IT investments justified? Who are your competitors? If you work for an IT consulting firm, you might as how the company decides what contracts it will bid on. It can be said that our use of IT systems and technology is equivalent to when we were using rotary telephones. As you complete your Masters Program at UMUC, remain watchful of emerging trends in the IT industry, how it will be utilized to gain a competitive advantage, and what impact it will have on the skills needed by an IT professional and the organization structure required to take advantage of the advancements in technology. Trends currently occurring that may be worth watching are: cloud computing, software as a service, virtualization, social networks, and mobile computing. It is through developing learning as a life-long habit, remaining aware of trends in the industry, and understanding the impact that technology has on a company’s ability to compete that you, as an individual, will be able to keep your skills current, agile, and competitive.

Medical Transcription - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 249 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/09/23 Category Advertising Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Exam #02800501 – Penn Foster med trans As an office manager for DMD Medical Supplies, it is imperative that I ensure the company’s dollars are economically spent through the efficiency of my employees. Currently, the company is forced to pay $200 in overtime per month due to what appears to be ineffective time management as a whole throughout my group. Unfortunately I can only adjust the way two of these employees manage their time, as they are the individuals of whom I am in charge. In order to reduce and even eliminate overtime, the workload handed down by the executive team needs to be re-dispersed more evenly between Ruth Disselkoen and Jack Snyder. Jack will now have less free time for longer breaks and late arrivals to work, and Ruth will have enough time for the allotted breaks allowed every day and to get her daily work effectively completed. In order to make Ruth and Jack accountable for overall improved output, I will ask the executives to fill out evaluations based on work quality, efficiency, and effectiveness. These evaluations will be used to reward efficiency on a quarterly basis with the purpose of getting my employees back on track through goal-setting that will not cost the company extra money. It will give them something to strive toward and break the monotony of every day tasks. As their manager, I will be making sure responsibilities are completed through implementing the steps taken for a more efficient office while reducing and eliminating overtime. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Medical Transcription" essay for you Create order